Coral Reefs Essay - 1309 Words

Coral Reefs Coral reefs are arguably the world’s most beautiful habitats. Coral reefs have been called the rainforests of the oceans, because of the rich diversity of life they support. Scientists have not yet finished counting the thousands of different species of plants and animals that use or live in the coral reef. There are three types of coral reefs: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated from land by only shallow water. Barrier reefs lie farther offshore, separated from land by lagoons more than ten meters deep. Atolls, on the other hand, are formed far offshore and they make a ring-shaped reef that close a circular lagoon. Coral reefs are the largest biological†¦show more content†¦This in turns effects the entire ecosystem of the ocean. Pollution by humans have directly or indirectly caused the death of 5%-10% of the world’s living reefs, according to marine biologist Clive Wilkinson of the Australian Instit ute of Marine Science. This estimate didn’t take in global warming and ozone depletion as a factor. The pollution is caused by fisheries, oil spills, deforestation, tourists, and even reckless divers. The problems which are getting even bigger is the problem of deforestation and reckless divers. In the watershed of Bacuit Bay in the Philippines, deforestation increased erosion into the bay by more that 200 times.(Futurists, 1995) One of the biggest threats to coral reefs are tourists. Last year alone over 1.2 million tourists visited the Great Barrier Reef. (Star-Bulletin, 1995) The tourists are not only fisherman and devoted divers they are also scientists who wanted to see the enormous reef. Every year the numbers of visitors increase by 10%. It has brought many resorts to the area who also want to get into fun and making a little money in the $1 billion business. Even the hotels and the motels pollute the reefs by their drainage and sewage pipes. This is causing a huge problem in coastal tourism which is the world’s fastest growing industry, worth over $7 billion annually in the Caribbean.(Star-Bulletin, 1995) Marine Scientists are really worried of how much longer the reef can survive with all these visitors to theShow MoreRelatedCoral Reefs And Coral Reef1180 Words   |  5 Pages Coral reefs in Belize have declined in abundance over the past decade. The reefs have experienced massive losses due to many local and global stressors such as bleaching, disease, sewage, overfishing, climate change, and tourism damage. After Hurricane Iris in 2001, the coral reef in Belize was left for the dead due to no growth. Direct impacts such as hurricanes are associated with the loss of architectural complexity of coral habitats. The loss of this coral reef complication drives the declineRead MoreThe Reefs And Its Effects On The Coral Reefs1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are many coral reefs. This island I chose to look at, is called Desecheo Island or Isla de Desecheo. It s just of the coast of Puerto Rico. The coral reefs in the island are continental reefs according to geomorphologists( people who study physical features of the Earth’s surface). It is a fringing reef around the coast of the island and a shelf reef beyond that. In the fringing reef, the depth of th e reef is mixed between shallow and deep. When it gets near the shelf reef areas, the depthRead MoreCoral Reefs : The Ecosystem860 Words   |  4 PagesCoral reefs are an essential component to the ecosystems in Hawaii. Coral reefs are comprised of numerous Cnidarian species that grow sympatrically to form structured colonies. Coral reef colonies support a wide range of marine wildlife. The marine animals utilize coral reefs as their habitat, as a source of food, and as a catalyst for community interactions. Coral reef communities that are well established are known to be highly biodiverse. Coral reefs are known as the tropical rainforests of theRead MoreImminent Threats to Coral Reefs996 Words   |  4 PagesCoral reefs are fragile ecosystems, and even a slight change in their marine habitat could drastically impact the corals, and other marine life too. One of the main threats to the reefs is climate change. As global warming occurs through out the world, the ocean waters will also start to get warmer, which is what is known as ocean warming. Even 2 degrees Celsius change in the water can have a massive impact on the corals. This is because the corals can feel this slight change and will start to feelRead MoreCoral Reefs Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesCoral reefs are very diverse ecosystems. They are â€Å"the rainforest of the sea†. Coral reefs can be very big or very small. The Great Barrier Reef (Australia) is 1,600 miles long and 40 miles wide. They are very important for o ur ocean, they provide food and home for many of the fish in the ocean. For some fish, coral reefs are the only viable food source or shelter they have. Coral reefs are very important. Coral reefs are made by individual coral that join together to form a coral colony. EachRead MoreCoral Reef Degradation : Impact On People920 Words   |  4 PagesCoral Reef Degradation: Impact on People Coral reefs are sometimes referred to as the â€Å"rainforest of the sea.† They are the home to a large group of different marine animals. Other than upholding biodiversity, coral reefs act as a natural barrier that protects coastal areas from hurricanes and erosion; allurement for tourism that provides new jobs and income to economies; are new probable medication for treatments such as many illnesses and diseases. Coral reefs act as a natural barrier that protectsRead MoreThe Human Impacts Of Coral Reefs Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesless than 1% of the world oceans, the coral reefs are ancient animals comprising of thin calcium carbonate deposits within the photic layer. Aside from its biologically diverse ecosystems, coral reefs are major source of food for millions and provides habitats and nursery areas for many marine organisms. Coral reefs also act as a physical buffer to protect the coastlines from tropical storms and erosion. In addition, many local communities rely on coral reefs to generate an income through activitiesRead MoreCoral Reefs Need Help2489 Words   |  10 Pagestaking care of endangered coral reefs now! World government leaders should establish laws to protect them. People may ask, â€Å"If coral reefs are in such danger, why don’t we fix the problem since they provide benefits for the whole world?† Frankly, it’s not that simple. Protecting enda ngered coral reefs will provide the whole world with long lasting benefits. To figure out how to solve the problem, we must start with the benefits they provide for humans and nonhumans. Coral reefs support 128 corallivorousRead MoreThe Endangerment Of Coral Reefs1685 Words   |  7 Pagesof Coral Reefs When people, tourists especially, ask themselves what is one of the most memorable moments they have experienced in the Florida Keys, the first thing that comes to mind is the ocean. Not only the ocean in general, but what is beyond, or in other words, â€Å" what is beneath?†. Far in the aquamarine water there is another world that people do not even know about, where many different species of life come together and form a place of peace and beauty. This world is called a coral reefRead MoreEssay on â€Å"The Sad Fate of Coral Reefs†1077 Words   |  5 Pageslies with the â€Å"Rainforests of the Sea†, the coral reefs. Coral reefs are the most diverse and biologically richest of all marine ecosystems. As with almost every ecosystem and its members, coral reefs provide several ecosystem services. For instance, coral reefs serve as natural barriers against hurricanes and catastrophic storm surges, their chemicals may treat diseases, and they are a nitrogen fixation. On of the most important functions of coral reefs are that they are a major source of food for

Moral Reasoning And Ethical Decision Making - 1144 Words

There are various theories used to explain moral reasoning and ethical decision making. These theories are used to assist people in deciding between the right and wrong acts. One of these theories is the virtue ethics, which is used to determine whether an act is virtuous or vicious. David Hume and Aristotle were among the first philosophers to use virtue ethics to differentiate between virtues and vices. According to Hume, an act is virtuous if it represents what a virtuous person would characteristically do in the same circumstances. Basically, it means that a virtuous act must be approved by every person who considers it in the light of social flourishing. On the other hand, Aristotle’s virtue ethics claims that an act can only be considered virtuous only when it is between the deficiency and excess extremes. His theory suggests that a virtuous act is the mean between two extremes. For instance, a person faced with difficult situations should act with courage, which is the mean between cowardice and rashness. In essence, Hume’s virtue ethics suggests that virtues are actual distinct rules while Aristotle indicates that there are no distinct rules that govern virtuousness. Although Hume explains why certain behaviors are acceptable in society, his explanations of virtue in terms of utility and character make it inapplicable in some situations. On the other hand, Aristotle provides a strong explanation about rational choices in relation to virtues but his explanation failsShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making : Business Ethics And Social Responsibility1295 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Decision-Making De’Ambre Zanders OMM640: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility (MOH1616A) Instructor: Dr. Maja Zelihic May 1, 2016 Abstract In any type of business, ethical decision-making is usually at the forefront of company operations. It shapes the foundation of a company and gives employees a moral compass as to what is expected of them ethically. Ethical-decision making prevents individuals from profiting from their own personal methods, while representingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Moral Reasoning944 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds to be applied called moral reasoning. It is a way that applies a reasonable means of thinking of an individual or a group of an effort to carry out a right decision morally. In doing so, it is vital to acknowledge the significance and taking actions required in making a moral decision. However, before we could start this process, it is imperative to comprehend the essence of moral reasoning and consider what approach is essential in an effective application of moral analysis. These approachesRead Morearticle review Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning777 Word s   |  4 PagesJames Weber (1991). Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning 293-313 Introduction This review intents to summarize and evaluate the adaptions of Lawrence Kohlbergs Moral Judgment Interview and Standard Issue Scoring method by James Weber. The article â€Å"Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning† by James Weber mentions four different adaptions of the moral judgment interview and the standard issue scoring method. These modifications haveRead MoreThe Ethics And Human Sciences1364 Words   |  6 Pageslife through their experiences, or belief system direct decision making almost completely. In my essay I will explore how Ethics and Human sciences correlate with this topic. I will also implement and tie in the connections of Reason and link these concepts with belief and experiences. While looking at Ethics, we can see the direct correlation and relationship that it has on our decision making. Ethics ties in the assumption that one has moral knowledge. This thought is produced to support the notionRead MoreEthical Analysis : Ethics And Ethics909 Words   |  4 PagesConsumers today want to do business with reputable companies that are led and managed by ethical decision makers. Ethical decision makers look to partner with other companies that share similar morals and values. In other words, the public and other companies want to associate with an organization that will make ethical judgements. Ethical decisions are not always obvious nor are they based on what is right or wrong or what is good or bad (Gonzalez-Padron, 2015). They are choices made by managersRead MoreUnderstanding Ethics Of Social Work1432 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundation structured around the ethical standard set by the National Association of Social Workers. Dilemmas can arise, creating is sues that could have a massive effect on clients, families, clinicians, communities, and the organization involved. In order to find a solution to the issue(s) models of ethical reasoning and ethical decision can assist with resolving ethical issues. Briefly I will discuss the case study presented with ethical issues, and will examine ethical reasoning models as it relates toRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger human context. Thirdly, being unethical can tarnish the publicRead MoreETH 316 Blood Money763 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Blood Money Scenario Billy Brass ETH/316 March 29, 2012 Christopher Whetstine Blood Money Scenario Moral responsibility of all participants When it comes to human organs and individuals buying them from prisoners that have been executed to survive, one will have to ask themselves if they are making an ethical decision. Buying and selling human organs is illegal in the United States yet it is happening right now as we enter into the year 2015, where a lot of critical thinking has goneRead MoreThe Role Of Nurse Practitioner1749 Words   |  7 Pagesand ethical decision making competency is more challenging in clinical practice due to the increasing diversity of individual value systems , the rapid changing healthcare atmosphere, and the complicated ever changing healthcare systems (Park, 2012). Due to the fact that ethical decisions are not a mechanical process, an ethical decision making model does not guarantee for a right decision. However the use of a structured model does improve the odds for a better outcome. Examples of ethical decisionRead MoreEssay on Role of Happiness in Ethical Decisions1209 Words   |  5 Pagesupon its relevance when formulating ethical decisions. When considering the role of emotion in ethical decisions, one must consider the contrasting views of Immanuel Kant, an 18th Prussian philosopher that focussed his philosophies around the doctrine of reason, in comparison to that of John Stewart Mill, a 19th century British philosopher that followed the doctrine of happiness through the ideology of utilitarianism. I shall argue that when making ethical decisions, it is imperative that happiness

Learning Theories Free Essays

string(61) " constructions that explain his or her physical experiences\." Learning Theories The thought of how we learn can be described in a battalion of different ways. Andrew Pollard describes larning â€Å"as the procedure by which cognition, constructs, accomplishments and attitudes are acquired, understood, applied and extended. Children besides discover their feeling towards themselves, towards each other and towards larning itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning is therefore partially a cognitive, partially societal and affective.† Therefore a brooding professional must concentrate on these major concerns by concentrating on student public presentation within course of study based undertakings and in the long term developing each kid ‘s ability to come on as a successful scholar. Another of import facet for the instructor is the ability to decently understand the procedure of acquisition, as this should enable the professional to cognize best how to prosecute students in the acquisition experience. This thought of acquisition is non new and has been around since the beginning of world, be that the passing on cognition of fire devising to the acquisition of basic linguistic communication within early adult male. It is merely in more recent times that bookmans have attempted to make theories which describe this act that most people carry out without truly believing about. Some of these theories will be looked at in this piece, nevertheless it is of import to observe that the thought of one theory that fits all persons is in its ego a misnomer, as people and the universe they live in alteration faster than these theories can maintain up. Multiple intelligences: Howard Gardner This theory of Multiple Intelligences was suggested in 1983 by the American psychologist Howard Gardener in his book Frames of the Mind. Gardner ‘s theory proposed that scholars have peculiar types of intelligences that can be classified, and each person has differing degrees of competency within each intelligence type or profile. Gardner identified 8 intelligences: Linguistic – the capacity to utilize words efficaciously Logical-mathematical – the capacity to utilize Numberss efficaciously Spatial – the ability to comprehend the visual-spatial universe accurately Bodily-kinaesthetic – expertness in utilizing one ‘s whole organic structure to show thoughts and feelings. Musical – the capacity to comprehend, discriminate, transform and express musical signifiers. Interpersonal – the ability to comprehend and do differentiations in the tempers, purposes and feelings of other people. Intrapersonal – self-knowledge and the ability to move on that cognition. Naturalistic – expertness in the acknowledgment and categorization of the legion species. ( Definitions from Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom – Thomas Armstrong ) Gardner ‘s theory proposed that the thought of I.Q. does non take into history the broad scope of abilities worlds display. In the multiple intelligences theory Gardner states that each intelligence profile can be improved to a high degree and suggests that learning should integrate all intelligences into the schoolroom so as to provide to a broad scope of abilities and intelligences. This will enable the scholar to larn in a manner that bests suits his or her single intelligence profile. Gardner highlights the importance of the instructor admiting that persons have different degrees of competency within certain intelligences, and suggests lessons should be planned to assist the scholar better in the intelligences in which they are weaker. This thought has been reinforced by research that proposes intelligence is developed though chance and the scholar ‘s experience ( Shayer and Addy, 2002 ) Some of the thoughts behind this theory of multiple intelligences have been criticized in the psychological science and educational theory communities ( White, 1998 ) , a common unfavorable judgment is that the theory is based on the theorist personal sentiment. Psychologist such as George Miller believe Gardner ‘s theory is based on his intuition and provinces that the theory lacks empirical informations. Gardner ‘s responds to his critics saying. â€Å" The testimonies and s are legion plenty from tonss of different topographic points to propose it ‘s deserving taking earnestly. † There is a batch of anecdotal grounds in support of MI, but no formal surveies. At the really least, many believe that MI theory virtues farther probe and large-scale research† . Other unfavorable judgments are based on instructors seting students into fixed intelligence profiles. This does non let the scholar to better in intelligences in which they are deemed to be less ab le, taking to a non-inclusive environment. Constructivism and Social Constructivism: Piaget Vygotsky Constructivism theory suggests that people learn through an interaction between believing and experience, and through the consecutive development of more complex cognitive constructions ( Pollard 2002 ) . The most influential constructivist theoretician was Piaget. Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980 ) was a Swiss psychologist, philosopher and instructor. He taught at Grange-Aux-Belles school for male childs, he noticed when taging the students work that immature kids would systematically give the incorrect replies to certain inquiries. When he looked closer at these consequences he found that there was a form to the errors that immature kids made, that older kids did non. This led him to believe that there was an built-in difference in the manner younger people learn than that of grownups. Piaget proposed through a procedure of â€Å"accommodation and â€Å"assimilation† kids construct their ain world by agencies of experimenting on their ain environment. Piaget proposed that there are four cardinal developmental phases in which kids process their experience. 1 Sensorimotor – From birth to age 2 old ages. The baby builds an apprehension of himself or herself and world ( and how things work ) through interactions with the environment. It is able to distinguish between itself and other objects. Learning takes topographic point via assimilation ( the organisation of information and absorbing it into bing scheme ) and adjustment ( when an object can non be assimilated and the schemes have to be modified to include the object. 2 Pre-operational phase – From 2 to 7 old ages The kid is non yet able to gestate abstractly and needs concrete physical state of affairss. Objects are classified in simple ways, particularly by of import characteristics 3 Concrete operations phase – ( 7 to 12 old ages ) . As physical experience accumulates, adjustment is increased. The kid begins to believe abstractly and gestate, making logical constructions that explain his or her physical experiences. You read "Learning Theories" in category "Essay examples" 4 Formal operations stage – ( 12 to 15 old ages ) Cognition reaches its concluding signifier. By this phase, the individual no longer requires concrete objects to do rational opinions. He or she is capable of deductive and conjectural logical thinking. His or her ability for abstract thought is really similar to an grownup. The effect of Piaget work has lead to the thought of a kid centred attack to instruction, this is particularly true in Primary school categories. It has promoted the usage of varied and stimulating schoolroom environments from which kids can deduce ambitious experiences. Some restrictions of Piagets work have been highlighted, one such unfavorable judgment is that due to the fact that the abilitiy of a kid to larn is structured into phases, it can take to the under appraisal of their capacities. Surveies have shown that kids ‘s capacities are much greater than those suggested by Piaget ( Tizard and Hughes ) Another unfavorable judgment of Piagets work is that as it can be hard to run into the demands of all persons in a category, the demand for a trim acquisition experience for each single category can take to a damaging state of affairs whereby the instructor spends so much clip pull offing the category room they are non able to pass adequate clip learning their students. Social Constructivism is a alteration of Piaget ‘s theory and was proposed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. He believed that Piaget ‘s theory did non take into history a kid ‘s societal interactions which he believed besides had an consequence on cognitive development. Vygotsky ‘s theory proposed that. * interaction and civilization have a dramatic consequence on cognitive development. * Cognitive procedures ( linguistic communication, thought and concluding ) develop though societal interaction. * Learning is a shared societal activity embedded in schoolroom interactions. * The relationship between scholar and instructor is important. Within Vygotsky ‘s theory he introduces the thought of the zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) in larning this is stated as. â€Å" The distance between the existent development degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel or in coaction with more capable equals † ( Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86 ) . This helping the scholar by a more capable other has been termed â€Å"scaffolding† . Scaffolding is a procedure whereby the scholar is provided with construction and support which allows them to understand undertaking they could non make entirely. As the scholar develops an apprehension of the undertaking the staging can be removed this consequences in â€Å"more sophisticated cognitive systems†¦ the system of cognition itself becomes portion of the scaffold or societal support for the new learning† ( Raymond, 2000, p. 176 ) . Curriculum for Excellence lends to a great extent from these thoughts with its AifL and inclusion enterprises. AifL formative appraisal constabularies should convey more balance to the place of more knowing other as it aims to hold category equals every bit good as the instructor make fulling this function. The active function of the scholar in this theory should let for a better apprehension of what is being taught and why ensuing in an improved acquisition environment. Theories used in the schoolroom Multiple Intelligences During my clip on SE1A I tried to suit a figure of different intelligences into my lesson. During planning of any lesson I would implement different manners of acquisition, this was non ever possible due to resource and clip restraints, nevertheless in the cases where it was possible I noticed positive consequences. Whilst taking a S1 category covering human organic structure systems, I was able to utilize a choice of larning stuffs. I made certain that all students were exposed to all larning types, the purpose of the lesson was to let all students to make the success standards utilizing three different larning manners. The manners I adopted were the usage of a picture ( Visual ) theoretical accounts of the human organic structure ( kinesthetic ) and group treatment ( Linguistic-Intrapersonal ) . I found this to be a successful lesson as during plenary students were able to joint which larning manner they found most good and which they found least. With this in head I will go on to use the multiple intelligences theory when be aftering my lessons and will seek to suit as many larning intelligences as possible. Social constructivism I implemented societal constructivist theory when puting a undertaking to a S1 category I was learning, the category was split into groups A, B, C, D, E each group was given the undertaking of happening out about a particular cell type/s, during this clip I moved around the category staging. Once the group collected all the information that was required, the groups were rearranged so each member of the group had looked at a different cell. The purpose of the lesson was for each member of the group to learn the remainder of the group what they had found out. Each group successfully completed the acquisition and success standards. The whole category were engaged and there was a high grade of larning taking topographic point, holding seen this theory in pattern I will be go oning to utilize and better it in my pattern. Appraisal schemes In recent old ages appraisal has become the primary focal point in instruction. This has occurred for two grounds ( Pollard 2008 ) . The first and most important has been the demand for authoritiess to hold a manner of mensurating educational end product. This was seen as a manner for parents to be able to compare between different schools trial consequences, and hence be able to do an informed pick as to what school to direct their kids to. The hope was that the publication of conference tabular arraies would promote all schools to raise criterions and invariably better on consequences to raise their place in the school evaluations tabular arraies. The 2nd ground for the increased involvement in appraisal came from the realization of the value of continual appraisal in informing instruction and bettering acquisition ( Black and William 1998 ) . Their research highlighted that appraisal can be used as a tool to find non merely what has been learned i.e. terminal of subject trials and tests, but appraisal can besides be used as a tool for acquisition. Appraisal is for Learning ( AifL ) Appraisal is for larning ( AifL ) is an effort to seek and hold more balance in the Scots course of study, the over accent of summational appraisals schemes, such as terminal of subject trials and tests, does non needfully give a good indicant to the degree of larning that takes topographic point in the category room. Alternatively the usage of formative appraisal schemes should be at the nucleus of effectual instruction pattern. The work of Black and William in 1998 established that there was strong grounds that formative appraisal can raise criterions of student ‘s accomplishment. Appraisal can be said to be formative when the consequences from the instructors and pupils measuring themselves generate an adaptation to the learning methods later employed to run into the demands of the students. ( Inside the Black Box ) . It is this thought of continual student instructor interactions taking to version of learning to run into the demands of single students that lies at the bosom of effectual instruction. The AifL model incorporates three different facets of appraisal: * appraisal FOR larning * appraisal OF larning * appraisal AS acquisition, Appraisal For larning The intent of appraisal for acquisition is to â€Å"focus on the spread between where a scholar is in their acquisition, and where they need to be- the coveted goal† ( LTScotland ) . This end can be attained by a assortment of agencies such as feedback to pupils, guaranting the students are cognizant of the acquisition purposes and effectual inquiring among others. Black and William have defined appraisal for larning as â€Å"all those activities undertaken by instructors and/or by their pupils, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the instruction and acquisition activities in which they are engaged† Key characteristics The cardinal characteristics as stated by LTS web site are as follows Focus on high quality interactions – Successful appraisal in the schoolroom should affect high quality interactions based on thoughtful inquiries, careful hearing and effectual responses. This should affect giving students equal â€Å"wait time† before seeking to reply inquiries as suggested by Mary Budd Rowe ( â€Å"Wait Time and Rewards as Instructional Variables, Their Influence on Language, Logic, and Fate Control, † Journal of Researching Science Teaching, vol. 11, 1974, pp. 81-94 ) . This could besides be the usage of a no custodies policy when replying inquiries Involving students in their acquisition – Focus on the extent your students and staff are to the full involved in make up one’s minding following stairss in their acquisition and identifying who can assist. This should affect the scholars holding a active function in what they are being taught were possible, and giving the scholar pick in the ways which they learn as stated by Gardner ‘s theory of multiple intelligences Feedback – Students and staff are given timely feedback about the quality of their work and how to do it better. This thought of positive support sing students work it portion of Skinner ‘s behaviorist theory. The importance of both verbal and written feedback allows the scholar to cognize if there are any spreads in their cognition, but besides lets them cognize what countries they perform good in. Sharing standards – â€Å"Pupils, staff and parents are clear about what is to be learned and what success would be like† It is of import that students are made cognizant of the undertaking they are transporting out and what is to be learned by sharing larning purposes, in add-on it is besides of import that they are cognizant of what the success standards are for said undertaking. This pattern of sharing larning purposes and success standards is a critical portion of the appraisal for larning scheme and is similar to Vygotsky ‘s Zone of Proximal Development. Appraisal in the schoolroom During my clip on SE1A I implemented a figure of different formative appraisal techniques, I ever shared the learning purposes with the category, they would be written on the white board leting me to transport out the lesson on the smart board. This would let the students to hold a mention point which they could easy see throughout the lesson, helped the students to set the lesson into context. In my first lessons I did non portion the success standard with the students and would alternatively travel over them in the plenary, nevertheless holding spoken to co-workers I was advised that it would be good to portion the success standard with the students this was reinforced when I went back to the literature which resulted in me watching instructors Television picture ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachers.tv/video/3311 ) . The sharing of acquisition and success standards did better the categories apprehension of a peculiar subject as they had a clear thought of what was expected of them. With both my S1 and S2 I implemented a no-hands up policy, I would get down by inquiring the students a inquiry I would so give them at least a minute to believe of an reply, so I would inquire an person for an reply. This took a spot of clip for the students to acquire used to as certain students were acquiring frustrated by the delay clip as they knew the reply. I think overall this scheme worked good for most kids as it gave the whole category clip to believe and as they did non cognize who would be asked the inquiry it led to a high degree of battle. In a S2 category I was responsible for a alteration lesson for an terminal of topic trial. I implemented a quiz that was to be created by the category, this involved dividing the category into groups and acquiring them to come up with inquiries refering to the subject. This worked good as there was a high degree of competition for the place of top squad. Once I had made certain the students knew the nature of the inquiries they could inquire they were left to come up with inquiries themselves. This really challenged the students as they wanted to come up with ambitious inquiries for their equals, which lead to some high degree acquisition and a high degree of battle. Other schemes I have used include the usage of a traffic visible radiation system whereby students who showed a green visible radiation for understanding a peculiar subject paired up with students who showed ruddy visible radiation. The green visible radiation students would so assist explicate facets of the subject. I will be implementing other assessment schemes in my go oning pattern, such as issue inquiries, demo me boards and head maps, while invariably bettering my oppugning accomplishments. A Curriculum For Excellence The Curriculum for Excellence ( CfE ) is the new Scottish course of study to be taught in all public Scottish schools by August 2010. CfE came approximately due to the â€Å"National Argument on Education† this argument was launched by the Scots Executive in 2002, the purpose of the argument was to construct on the high quality instruction that was being provided to many of the immature people in Scotland but besides to guarantee that â€Å"all immature people were being offered a welcoming and stimulating environment for the 21st century.† ( Scots Executive, 2002 ) . The consequence of this argument was that although there were many positive facets of the current course of study there was a demand for alteration. In November 2004 the proposal for CfE was approved and published, it was implemented to broaden the acquisition experiences of immature people and to do these experiences more gratifying and relevant to a quickly altering environment. CfE has been designed to develop four chief capacities in all immature people between the ages of 3 and 18, these capacities being successful scholars, confident persons, responsible citizens and effectual subscribers. To accomplish this end CfE has 7 rules of course of study design that have been devised to guarantee the four capacities are met. 1. Challenge and enjoyment – Young people should happen their acquisition challenging, prosecuting and actuating. The lessons planned by instructors should reflect this rule by promoting high aspirations and aspirations for all students. 2. Breadth – All immature people should be educated in a wide scope of results and experiences across all course of study countries. The acquisition may be linked to vocational or other specialised contexts and will take topographic point both in the category room and other cross-curricular activities. 3. Progression – The learning experience will take topographic point between the ages of 3 – 18 and will demo a continual patterned advance within a individual curricular model. The rate of patterned advance should be tailored to the person so that it meets their demands and aptitudes, and leaves options open so that no picks within the course of study are closed prematurely. 4. Depth – The scholar should hold chances to derive a deeper apprehension for different types of thought and acquisition. As they progress through the old ages they should be able to make their full capacity by developing cognitive accomplishments, while besides deriving a better apprehension of their moral values and beliefs. 5. Personalisation and Choice – the course of study should suit every single scholars demands and back up their aptitudes and endowments. The scholar should hold an active function in how and what they learn. 6. Coherence – The course of study should be a consistent larning experience from 3-18 and there should be clear links between different facets of their acquisition. This should include lessons which can pull from different strands of larning which cross over traditional capable boundaries 7. Relevance – The leering experienced by immature people should be relevant to them. They should understand why they are larning and it relevancy to their lives both inside and outside the category room. The Curriculum for excellence purposes to give all immature people the accomplishments and cognition they need to win in the modern twenty-four hours universe. If all schools can win at developing the four capacities in all persons so it should give their students an ideal start in life and should do for a shining illustration of what can be achieved. CfE in the category room As the CfE results and experiences have non yet been implemented in the school I was at on SE1 I was non able to be after lessons around them. The school I was placed at was still learning the 5-14 National Guidelines, nevertheless this did non halt me from looking at the similarities in each set of results. Looking at the results it became clear that there was an convergence in both sets of results which allowed me to learn lessons which would cover both 5 to 14 and CfE outcomes. During my observations at school it became clear that in many instances the seven rules within CfE were being adhered to, this allowed me to larn from my equals how best to implement them into my categories. Challenge and Enjoyment During my observation clip on arrangement I was able to see precisely what was working good within certain categories, although at this point I had a batch of thoughts on how best to set together my lessons acquiring a pupils oculus position on the lesson truly helped me to take activities that would work best. I was responsible for a category of S1 students on SE1, through a series of lessons I implemented a scope of different activities to maintain the category stimulated and motivated. During the lessons the students were involved in card kinds, cut and paste activities, single paired and full category probes, smart board activities, pictures, modeling, postings doing and PowerPoint presentations. Appendix? Shows a posting made by a group of my students, the lesson involved making research for the subject in the ICT suite followed by a presentation to the remainder of the category utilizing postings or PowerPoint. All the students were actively involved in the exercising and students had the pick of how they wished to show their information. I besides left it up to the students to depute certain undertakings to each member of the squad. These activities allowed the scholars to hold an active function in their acquisition and take which method of larning they thought worked best for them. During the plenary session at the terminal of the lesson we would discourse if they had met the success standards and in some instances if their chosen type of larning manner was really effectual. Relevance When be aftering my lesson I ever thought of ways to convey in existent life illustrations to the subjects I was learning. When I was covering the electrochemical series with a S3 category I was able to demo why we use different metals in bring forthing batteries, this lead to me explicating the chemical science of nomadic phone batteries and ways to widen their life. During a lesson on the respiratory system to a S1 category I was able to demo the consequence that smoke has on the lungs, and highlighted the importance of a healthy diet in digestion. During the forces topic we investigated the varying degrees of clash of different stuffs on ice, the students were so able to propose the best types of footwear to either cut down or increase clash if they were out walking on an icy winter ‘s twenty-four hours. Literacy and numeracy Literacy Within CfE literacy had been highlighted as a nucleus accomplishment which is to be embedded throughout the course of study regardless of the topic. Literacy is defined as â€Å"the set of accomplishments which allows an person to prosecute to the full in society and in acquisition, through the different signifiers of linguistic communication, and the scope of texts, which society values and discoveries useful.† ( LTS ) Bettering literacy accomplishments is of critical importance as it enables immature people to â€Å"develop accomplishments for acquisition, accomplishments for life and accomplishments for work, † ( www.ltscotland.org.uk/curriculumforexcellence/buildingthecurriculum/entitlements/skills/index.asp ) Literacy skills enable immature people to better understand and interact with their topics in the course of study, non merely this but these accomplishments are movable to the out of school environment, be that the work topographic point or in mundane life. If a student has problem with literacy accomplishments this can take to a deficiency of patterned advance in a peculiar topic, the feeling that the instructor may hold is that the student is non engagement in the topic. However the root of the job is that the students have hapless reading authorship or listening accomplishments. The results for literacy are: Reading, Writing, Listening and Talking CfE demands that all practicians engage with bettering degrees of literacy, as the betterment in literacy will ensue in an increased apprehension of all topics within the school course of study. By guaranting that all practicians take duty for literacy within schools the student will hold the chance to develop their accomplishments for acquisition, accomplishments for life and accomplishments for the work topographic point. Numeracy As with Literacy, numeracy is besides a nucleus accomplishment within CfE â€Å"All instructors have duty for advancing the development of numeracy. With an increased accent upon numeracy for all immature people, instructors will necessitate to be after to revisit and consolidate numeracy accomplishments throughout schooling.† ( Constructing the Curriculum I ) Numeracy has been highlighted as a nucleus accomplishment, as like literacy competent numeracy accomplishments are indispensable in mundane life, and as such to be able to lend efficaciously to society immature people should hold a good foundation in these accomplishments. Strong numeracy accomplishments provide immature people with better apprehension of the universe around them and are a footing for womb-to-tomb acquisition. The edifice of strong numeracy accomplishments throughout the course of study should give immature people â€Å"the assurance and competency in utilizing figure which will let persons to work out jobs, analyse information and do informed determinations based on calculations.† CfE booklet Drumhead It has been shown that strong accomplishments in both literacy and numeracy benefits both the person and the state as a whole. The importance of these accomplishments is highlighted in the ALNIS study which states â€Å"Literacy and numeracy accomplishments are critical for grownups to accomplish the ends they set themselves at work, at place, in the community and as scholars. The personal effects of low literacy and numeracy accomplishments can be serious. The national effects for a modern, multicultural, competitory Scotland, and attempts to accomplish societal justness, are far reaching.† ( ALNIS, p 12 ) Literacy in the schoolroom During placement SE1A, I paid peculiar attending to the literacy results defined by CfE. When lesson planning I integrated literacy results into all my categories be these reading composing speaking or hearing. In one category I used a picture to summarize chief points that had been taught throughout the subject. I asked to take down note sum uping the chief points of the subject, this would let me to estimate whether they had understood the chief learning purpose of the subject. I made certain to halt the picture at cardinal points to let the kids with slower cognitive or composing accomplishments clip to believe and compose. This exercising planned to better the kids ‘s hearing and note taking abilities as this is a of import accomplishment needed in the school and work environment. The kids were so asked to describe back what notes they had taken and why within groups. This exercising was besides developed to better at that place speaking accomplishments as they each had to separately describe back the notes they had taken. I found this exercising priceless as I rapidly realised that there was a broad scope of abilities within the category, as a whole the category found this undert aking hard. There were a figure of facets of the undertaking the kids found hard which arose during the plenary treatment, many of which arose from holding to watch the picture and compose down short concise notes. This undertaking showed me the true extend of the importance of distinction required in lessons, it besides highlighted that note pickings is a accomplishment that may non hold been taught in any deepness within the course of study. In future I will do certain that before transporting out an exercising like this that a important sum of clip is spent learning the accomplishment as I think it will profit students in the short and long term. The creative activity of a lab write up within a category is an first-class manner to better composing accomplishments. Every practical carried out by my categories is accompanied with an experimental write up. The usage of experimental write ups gives kids exposure to an unfamiliar manner of composing. I ever promote my students to compose up studies in a scientific mode with an purpose, hypothesis, consequences and decision. Before the write up I would inquire for suggestion as to how the study should be worded, followed by an illustration provided by myself. This got the kids thin inking about the construction and registry of the piece. In some instances I would inquire an person or group to show their findings to the category. In one category I split the category into four groups and asked each group to compose up the purpose, method and manner to enter consequences for the four different experiments. Once completed the group ‘s swapped studies and tried to transport out experiment utilizing the study they received. I will be go oning to utilize lab study composing as I think it does cover a broad scope of results for literacy, and when carried out good does prosecute students. In a S2 scientific discipline category I took, the students were required to retrieve a peculiar series of reactive metals. To do this easier to retrieve I encouraged the category to come up with acronym to assist them retrieve the series. Before we started I gave them a few illustrations of common acronyms they had likely used such l.o.l and o.m.g. this started a het argument as to the best acronym to utilize for the reactive metals. Each member of the category came up with their ain acronym some more suited than others, nevertheless all students did prosecute and there was a spot of temper in the lesson which is of import when learning some of the more proficient facets of scientific discipline. This undertaking got the kids activity believing about the right pick of words and the usage of their vocabulary, I would state the undertaking worked good and I will be utilizing the technique once more when seeking to assist the kids remember complex scientific sequences. How to cite Learning Theories, Essay examples

Zeb Goes to disneyland Essay Example For Students

Zeb Goes to disneyland Essay I walk among you eating, eating I luv to eat, eating eating, SHIT!!! A bird flies, SHIT* SHiT!!!! a birrd fliesThe theme of the story Hatchet is determination, perseverance andsurvival. Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced, flies to visit his father inCanadian wilderness. His pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian managed toland the plane in a lake, and escape unharmed. Now comes the hard part,surviving in the wilderness until rescued. He does have one tool to help him, ahatchet that his mother had given him as a gift. He will have to use it, his owndetermination, imagination, perseverance and common sense to survive. Summary: This flight to see his father in the Canadian wilderness is Brains firsttime in an airplane. He explains this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and decides to show him that flying is not verydifficult. He lets Brian take the steering control and direct the line of flight forawhile. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has aheart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. Hetries to use the radio without success. He knows that if he hits the trees, hecan die, so he decides to land in the water of a lake. When the plane is in thewater, he gets out through a window. He lay on the bank of the lake for awhile to rest. Brian knew he needed food and shelter to survive so he set outto find both. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lakewhere his water was. He found a cherry tree and because he was veryhungry, he ate his fill. He filled his windbreaker with cherries to eat later andthen managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morningwhen he awoke, he saw a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have beenenough to curb his appetite! The discovery of how to make a fire was veryimportant to Brains survival. He needed to have one at the mouth of the caveto protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help. He discovered it bymistake when a porcupine wandered into his cave! It was dark in the caveand he heard something moving. He knew it was alive, but not what it was. He kicked it. It was then, when the quills shot into his foot that he knew itwas a porcupine. He was in pain, and knew he could not touch it. He threwhis hatchet, and when it hit the rock of the cave instead of the porcupine, itmade a spark. He knew how to make the spark, now all he had to do wasfind the fuel. He knew he needed some type of meat to survive, so hedecided to catch fish. First he tried to catch them with his hands, but he soonknew he needed a better plan. He made a primitive bow and arrow. He wasvery proud of himself when he was able to use it to catch fish, or shoot abird. He would scoured them and cook them over his fire. He was becomingbetter all the time at survival. One day a tornado went through the area. Thetornado turned out to be a revelation. It moved the plane so that the tail wasnow sticking out of the water. It was then that Brian remembered that theplane contained a survival pack. It was very difficult to get to, and it took along time. He almost lost his hatchet while trying to cut a hole in the plane, buthe was able to retrieve it. When he finally got back on dry land, he found thatthe pack contained food, knife, rifle, and C. B. radio. He tried to use theradio, but he did not think it was working. He found out that he was wrongwhen a rescue plane showed up, it was working! Character Description:Brian Robeson is a typical 13 year old boy trying to cope with his parentsdivorce. He is not happy about his mothers new boyfriend, and he is veryexcited about going to visit his father. He wears the typical tennis shoes,jeans, and T-shirt with a windbreaker. He is not an outdoorsman, but he haswatched a lot of TV and always paid attention to how they survived difficultsituations. He is scared of flying, and tells the pilot this. As his situationchanges and he is faced with life or death in a survival situation, he chooses tobe brave and strong and survive. Review: I liked Hatchet because it isabout teenage adventure. When I was reading I w as trying to imagine what Iwould do if I were Brian. I think that he was very tough. He was alwaysthinking about what to do to survive. The thing that I did not like about thebook was that everything that he did seemed to take so long! It seemed totake a few days to start a fire or to catch a fish. I did not like the ending, itwas unrealistic to have a tornado go through and all of a sudden, the tail ofthe plane is sticking out of the water. Then, after all that time he miraculouslyBibliography:

Pearl Essays - The Pearl, , Term Papers, Research Papers

Pearl Ever since Midas' lust for gold, it appears to be that man has acquired a greed and appetite for wealth. Juana, the Priest, and the doctor have all undergone a change due to money. They are all affected by their hunger for wealth and inturn are the base for their own destruction, and the destruction of society. Steinbeck's "The Pearl" is a study of man's self destruction through greed. Juana, the faithful wife of Kino, a paltry peasant man, had lived a spiritual life for what had seemed like as long as she could remember. When her son Coyito fell ill from the bite of a scorpion, she eagerly turned towards the spiritual aspects of life. Beginning to pray for her son's endangered life. The doctor who had resided in the upper-class section of the town, refused to assistant the child, turning them away when they arrived at the door. Lastly they turned to the sea to seek their fortune. When Juana set sight on the "Pearl of The World." she felt as though all her prayers had been answered, if she could have foreseen the future what she would have seen would have been a mirror image of her reality. Juana's husband was caught in a twisted realm of mirrors, and they were all shattering one by one. In the night he heard a "sound so soft that it might have been simply a thought..." and quickly attacked the trespasser. This is where the problems for Juana and her family began. The fear that had mounted in Kino's body had taken control over his actions. Soon even Juana who had always had faith in her husband, had doubted him greatly. "It will destroy us all" she yelled as her attempt to rid the family of the pearl had failed. Kino had not listened however, and soon Juana began to lose her spiritual side and for a long time she had forgotten her prayers that had at once meant so much to her. She had tried to help Kino before to much trouble had aroused, only to discover that she was not competent enough to help. A hypocrathic oath is said before each medical student is granted a Doctors degree. In the oath they swear to aid the ill, and cure the injured. In the village of La Paz there lived a doctor who had earned his wealth by helping those that were ill and could afford his services. Not once in his long career would he have dared refuse to aid a wealthy lawyer or noblemen. However when Kino and the group of money hungry peasants arrived at his door with a poisoned child he had refused them entry saying "Have I nothing better to do than cure insect bites for `little Indians'? I am a doctor, not a veterinary." for the doctor had known that the peasants hadn't any money. He had been to Paris and had enjoyed the splendors of the world, and therefore he wouldn't be seen dealing with the less fortunate as he knew that the less fortunate would surely always be just that-less fortunate. However it seemed that he had been stereotypical of the less fortunate, as he soon discovered when hearing of a great pearl discovered by the peasants who had knocked upon his door earlier that day. A hunger for wealth was what pushed him to visit the peasants house and aid their destitute son. However he had already ended Coyito's life without knowing he'd done so, for if he had administered aid to Coyito when they were first at the doctors door, Kino would have no reason to seek his fortune in the ocean, and would not be led down the road to hardships. One might think that a doctor, one who has the image of being passive, and caring should not stoop to such a level. When one is down on their luck, chances are they will turn to superstition in hope to acquire what it is that they would want to achieve. A good example of this would be a good luck charm such as a rabbit's foot. In La Paz the peasants were uneducated and probably had never heard of a superstition. The peasants only reliability, there only scapegoat was God. God had always been their to aid them in there times of need. The first reaction of Juana when seeing the scorpion is a good example of spirituality, rather than attempt to kill the scorpion she began to pray to

Earn an Ivy League Degree Online

Earn an Ivy League Degree Online Almost all of the eight ivy league universities offer some form of online courses, certificates, or degree programs. Find out how you can get a top-notch online education from Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, UPenn, or Yale. Brown Brown offers two blended (online plus face-to-face) degree programs. The  IE-Brown Executive MBA program  offers professionals the chance to get a global education over a 15-month period. MBA students work together online and have five week-long sessions in person. The in-person meetings are in Madrid, Spain; Brown University in Providence, United States; and Cape Town, Africa. The Executive Master of Healthcare Leadership degree is an accelerated program for healthcare professionals. The 16-month program requires online students to meet on campus between the start and end of each term – four times total. Brown also offers online pre-college courses for advanced learners in grades 9-12. Subjects such as â€Å"So, You Want to be a Doctor?† and â€Å"Writing for College and Beyond,† prepare students for their upcoming college experience. Columbia Through the Teacher’s College, Columbia offers online certificates in â€Å"Cognition and Technology,† â€Å"Designing Interactive Multimedia Instruction,† and â€Å"Teaching and Learning with Technology.† Students can also enroll in one of two fully online education Masters degrees. The Computing in Education M.A. helps educational professionals prepare to work with technology in schools. The Diabetes Education and Management M.S. prepares health care workers to educate and advocate for improved understanding about diabetes. The Columbia Video Network enables students to earn advanced engineering degrees from home. Virtual students have no residency requirements and have the same access to their professors as traditional students. Degrees available online include M.S. in Computer Science, M.S. in Electrical Engineering, M.S. in Engineering and Management Systems, M.S. in Materials Science, M.S. in Mechanical Engineering, P.D. in Computer Science, P.D. in Electrical Engineering, P.D. in Mechanical Engineering. Students may also take individual online courses in medicine and religion through Columbia’s online programs. Cornell Through the  eCornell program, students can take individual courses and earn certificates completely online. Multi-course certificate programs are available in fields such as Finance and Managerial Accounting, Healthcare, Hospitality and Food Services Management, Human Resources Management, Leadership and Strategic Management, Management Essentials, Marketing, Sales Leadership, Product Leadership and Systems Design, and Plant-Based Nutrition. eCornell courses are designed and taught by Cornell faculty. They have set start and end dates, but are taught asynchronously. Courses and certificates offer students continuing education credits. Dartmouth Dartmouth College has a very limited number of online options. Students can earn The Dartmouth Institute (TDI) Certificate in The Fundamentals of Value-Based Healthcare by completing six online courses. The courses are generally not available for those outside of the certificate program. Health professionals are required to view a limited number of one-hour live streaming sessions, which are usually conducted on Wednesdays. Presenters lecture on topics such as Health Care Finance, Shared Decision Making in Patient-Centered Care, Health Care Informatics, and Understanding the Implications of Variation. Harvard Through the Harvard Extension School, students can take individual online courses, earn certificates, or even earn a degree. The  Bachelor of Liberal Arts degree program allows students to earn an undergraduate degree with the guidance of top-notch professors. Potential students â€Å"earn their way in† by earning a grade of B or higher in three introductory courses. Students must complete four courses on campus, but the rest of the degree can be completed through online options. Degree candidates have access to a variety of Harvard resources including internships, seminars, and research assistance. The Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies in the  field of finance or general management degree can be earned by taking 12 courses. Four of these courses must be traditional or blended courses. For distance learning students, blended courses can be taken by traveling to campus for one-weekend session per course. Additional blended Masters programs are available in Psychology, Anthropology, Biology, English, and more. Most require some evening courses on campus. Graduate certificates can be earned fully online and enrollment is open (no application required). Harvard Extension certificates can be earned in the fields of management, sustainability and environmental management, science and information technology, and social sciences. Notable certificates include Business Communication, Cybersecurity, Nonprofit Management, Marketing Management, Green Building and Sustainability, Data Science, Nanotechnology, Legal Studies, and  Software Engineering. Princeton Sorry, online learners. Princeton isn’t offering any courses or degree programs completely online at this time. UPenn While the University of Pennsylvania doesn’t offer any fully online degrees or certificates, the Penn Online Learning Initiative allows students to take  individual courses. Online courses are offered in Arts and Sciences, Executive Education, Nursing, Dentistry, and also English Language Test Preparation. Generally, students interested in these courses will need to apply to the university as a visiting student. Yale Every year, Yale students enroll in virtual courses through Yale Summer Online. Current students or graduates from other colleges are also invited to enroll in these for-credit courses. The course sessions are five-weeks long, and students are required to participate in a weekly live video group meeting with faculty. Some of the class offerings include: Abnormal Psychology, Econometrics and Data Analysis I, Milton, Modern American Drama and Moralities of Everyday Life.

Essay 2 - see attachment for topic and readings

2 - see attachment for topic and readings - Essay Example This view divides cities by class into areas occupied by those who control the means of production i.e. the bourgeoisie as well as the proletariat who works for a living. The Marxist view of the development of cities certainly takes class very seriously as there are rich neighborhoods and poor areas which are demarcated quite strongly by the developments taking place in a city. With time, the changes in the development of the city took factories out of the city centers and moved them to the outer edges of the city limits. Gary, Indiana is used as an example of that occurrence and the cause given for this change is that the factory owners wanted to avoid the presence of unions on their factory floors. Unions were difficult to form and maintain outside the city limits therefore unions could be avoided in this manner and control over the workers could be maintained with a capitalist agenda (Gordon, 1978). The same ideas are supported by Harris & Lewis (2001) but they given other economic reasons for the changes in the cityscapes of North America. They suggest that polynucleation was the reason for these changes and this was caused by the diversification of population and the lack of availability of workers of one type or another in a given location. Low prices for land as well as labor also helped the cause of those manufacturers that were ready to offset the cost of moving their production units by gaining access to cheaper tools for producing their goods. Thus the reasons for the development of our cities as they have are not based on social theory, but rather an economic agenda. Perhaps the most important point made in the both the essays is the idea that technology will affect the development of cities in the future as it has done so in the past. For example, the advent of the automobile meant that people could easily cover a lot of distance on their own without the use of trains or other transport and that meant that they

Contrast Frank Lloyd Wright's Organic architecure and Le Corbusier's Essay

Contrast Frank Lloyd Wright's Organic architecure and Le Corbusier's International style of architecture in the 20th century - Essay Example Wright has taken the opportunity to guide and advise the architectural community on the importance of following the laws of nature on building procedures and main architectural styles. In his speech, he stated that organic architecture is the ideal form of designs that should be the trend in revolutionizing architecture and other building policies. He categorically explained that following the tradition and allowing it to spin into new building architectural designs. Modern architectures have taken on organic architecture concepts to develop new architectural designs. There structural designs are detailed and based on the environmental form and the surroundings of the buildings. Wright designed and implemented the building of the Winslow House in Illinois. Thereafter, he has had several other designs under his name. The Falling Water and Solomon Guggenheim Museums are some of his most celebrated designs the world over. Architectures can easily use new concrete formations to create ne w designs that are not linear or following a particular geometric dimension. The main design features allow for implementation of primitives such as wavy lines or contours which are not the traditional design primitives. The usual design primitives are normally geometrical and are widely used in architectural designs all over. Organic designs are flexible and easily adaptable to the environment. They are not easy to implement and many architectures have not adopted for its use. Wright’s design helped in the formulation of a new language that has been widely applied to architecture. He created a new design referred to as Prairie Style. This style was majorly affected by the way he utilized the spacing provided for the building. His main characteristic design was the freestanding house design that he covered by an overhanging roofing design. In the style he developed a plan to build a chimney in the middle of the house. Wright developed a plan to for a house that utilized a lot of open space that had been separated by from each other by simple architectural tools. The Prairie had a sloping roof that could be used to hold household items. The Style is mainly suitable for domestic home's architecture. The plan steered away from using walls and doors instead of the usual petitions (Frank Lloyd paragraph 3). The planning strategy was referred to as the open blueprint or plan. The selling point in this plan was the integration of nature with actual buildings. The concept of organic architecture is an essential conservatory strategy as it emphasizes on the preservation of the environment around buildings and main architectures. The use of organisms as part of a design was to inspire harmony of the two and relate them as a single unit. The design categories are made according to the defined functions of the organisms to be used. Wright's building designs emphasize the coexistence of the building designs and the organisms. Either of the two dictates the whole com plete design of a building. A design is complete with the implementation of both the designs, of the building and the organism in the surrounding. Le Corbusier International Architectural designs Le Corbusier was born and grew up in Switzerland before moving to France at the age of 29. He was passionate about architecture and had a notion that the designs that were present at that time were uninspiring.

Michelangelo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Michelangelo - Research Paper Example helangelo was born in 1475 to a middle class family, in Italy, where he became a trainee to a painter before pursuing his studies in sculpture gardens. His father was working as a magistrate in the small village of Caprese. His family moved to Florence where his mother got ill while he was an infant. He was placed under the care of a stone cutting family where his passion for art developed. Michelangelo was a committed student and admired the works of Dante (Hayun, 210). Michelangelo is renowned for his works, which include Pieta and David statutes and the Rome’s Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings. While still young, his father realized that he had little interest in the family’s financial businesses, and he agreed to put him under the training of the trendy Florentine painter’s workshop. This was after he developed an interest in watching the painters at the near churches, and drawing what he observed while in school. While still at school, Michelangelo was introd uced by his grammar school friend to Domenico Ghirlandaio, a painter (Hayun, 211). Later, while under training at the workshop, an unexpected opportunity begot Michelangelo. Ghirlandaio recommended him to attend Medici Gardens, in the palace of Florentine king Lorenzo, to study sculpture. This provided Michelangelo with a platform to have access to the social elites of Florence. In addition, this gave him a leeway to be taught by the respected and renowned sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni and other well-known scholars, poets and taught fellers (Lerner, 426). He also obtained significant authorization from the Catholic Church to examine cadavers for a deeper understanding of the human anatomy. However, this exposure to dead bodies had a significant effect on his health. With these mixtures of influences, groundwork for Michelangelo’s distinctive style was developed. His style was widely regarded as with a muscular exactitude and authenticity Mish mashed with an almost lyrical magnificence (Lerner,

Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh

Examining Real Estate Business In Bangladesh This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real estate business in Bangladesh and also evaluates the market growth; as this rapidly growing business has become more popular in Bangladesh during the last fifteen years. For that reason this paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised and finally recommendation will be given on how to improve this business. Chapter 1: Introduction Today the real estate business is one of the fastest growing businesses in Bangladesh and it plays an important role in the Bangladeshi economy. This research paper focuses on the marketing system of the real estate business in Bangladesh. Presently Bangladesh is a developing and also over populated country. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. This city is very important for everything because everything is based on this city. For that reason this city is densely populated. From 1985 the concept of living in a flat has been started and also the real estate business has become more popular. The slogan used by the business is our creation your dream. This is a dream about someones home. This topic was chosen because many people know very little about Bangladesh and Bangladeshi business and because of my own interest and personal experience. This paper will firstly evaluate the real estate business culture in Bangladesh. Secondly the marketing system will be critically appraised. Finally recommendations will be given on how to improve this business. Chapter 2:Literature Review Bangladesh is a developing country, and as is common in many such countries, everything is centralized so every business based in Dhaka city. Now a days Dhaka is a overpopulated city. That is the main reason for the growth of real estate business, because people needs more house for living. More than 260 companies are working or doing business in Dhaka(According to REHAB 2004)Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh. So it is proof that real estate business is rapidly growing business in Bangladesh. This research paper focuses on marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Today marketing is one of the important part for all kinds of business. It is true that if in the company marketing system is strong than the business of this is doing well. So here in this research paper will be evaluate some true marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Because marketing starts with human needs and wants. People need food, air, water, clothing, and shelter to survive. Beyond this, people have a strong desire for recreation, education, and other services. They have strong preference for particular versions and brands of basic goods services. Kotler,P.(1998). Chapter 3:Methodlogy In this research my specific and investigating area is real estate business in Bangladesh. This research is totally literature based; in addition it will evaluate the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. To make this research valid and reliable, I am trying to show the true marketing system in Bangladesh. It was difficult to find specific books in this area. This research would have been better if there had been time to do empirical research. It would have been appropriate to use questioners and interviews with the people who are working in the real estate business. This research could have also been more presentable if the questioners and interviews involved a large sample of real estate business in Bangladesh. However there was not too much time or resources to do this. This research paper hopes to show what kinds of marketing system the real estate companies are using in their business and what is their strategy for their products and their services for their target customers. Because Marketing is an orderly and insightful process for thinking about and planning for markets. The process starts with researching the market place and understand its dynamics. This marketing process involves segmenting with the market and choosing those target customer that the company can satisfy in a superior way.(Kotler.1998) Therefore in this research paper I evaluate the real estate business culture, critically appraise the real estate marketing system and recommend how to improve the growth rate of this business in Bangladesh. Chapter 4: Finding and Analysis Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and one of the most overpopulated city in the world. This city is home of more than 12.8 million people estimated as of 2008 according to the Dhaka City Corporation. This population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year that is one of the highest rates in the Asian city. On the other hand according to Far Eastern Economic Review this city Dhaka will become a home of 25 million people by the year of 2025(Wikipedia).So day by day people are increasing and housing demand also increasing. So this is the main opportunity for real estate business. Because as a developing country is quite difficult for government to provide such a big fundamental needs like housing. As a result private real estate companies come forward to meet the needs of the increasing housing demand. Land development and construction of apartments is the concern of a real estate business. This business major construct area is residential and commercial buildings to sell them and make profit. Now this business is rapidly growing and one of the most popular business in Bangladesh. According to REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh,2004) in Dhaka there are 250 companies doing this business. This is show that what a rapidly increasing business. On the other hand this business also plays an important role in Bangladeshi economic. However most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies marketing system almost same. These marketing system based on four things: Thinking about apartments or housing. Level of income. Standard of living. Style of living. Most of the Bangladeshi real estate company applying this kinds of things for finding as a potential customer. On the other hand customer also classify by the real estate companies. Because housing is not a major problem for rich people but it is big problem for middle and lower income people. So companies are specially targeted middle income and lower income customers. Because a house is their ultimate dream for this kinds of customers. For that reason most of the real estate company investing lots of money for promoting their products for their target customers. Such as : Advertisement Newspaper, Television, Neon Sign Billboard Personal selling This is one of the major things to maintain good relation with the customers. On the other hand a number of employees are working for the company in indoor and outdoor for sales the particular products. Sales promotion Sales promotion is another important things for real estate company. Sometime the company offers discount, Gifts, service price off and many other things for selling their products. Publicity Buy on instalments Size start with 750sft to 1800 sft.(square Feet) This is the marketing system of real estate business in Bangladesh. Chapter5:Conclusion Bangladeshi real estate business is one of the most profitable and popular business. If real estate companies have liabilities about their customers than government have also some liabilities about this business. So government needs take necessary steps or roles to protect this business. Every year the Bangladeshi government earns approximately more than 1500 core taka as a revenue. On the other hand more than 25laks people are working with this industry REHAB(Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh) in 2008. So this is show that the growth rate of the real estate business in Bangladesh. However the marketing system is a process which can be improve day by day with proper market research and strong marketing planning. So real estate companies needs to find out the potential buyers and strong relationship with their customers. It can be very effective to selling their product for their target customers. Chapter 6:Recommendations However now real estate business is very popular in Bangladesh but most of the companies do not have proper market research and marketing plan. Because most of companies do not have longer period marketing plan. So most of the Bangladeshi real estate company needs proper marketing research which start with planning well in advance of the implementation, analysis, management review, and good coordination between customers. In addition most of the Bangladeshi real estate companies needs strong customer care. Because this business totally customer based. All marketing strategy is built on STP-Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning. A company discovers different needs and groups in the marketplace, targets those needs and groups that it can satisfy in a superior way, and then positions its offering so that the target market recognizes the companys distinctive offering and image.(P.Kotler,K.L.Keller,2006) So this marketing strategy can improve the real estate business in Bangladesh. Chapter 7:Reflections of learning In this research paper I am learning lots of things such as how to write a research paper in a right order. Because this is my first research paper. When I started my research I was facing lots of difficulties but day by day I learn lots of things about a research paper and how to write it. May be in my research paper I have lots of errors and mistakes. But I know that it is all about learning process because this learning process helps me lots in my future studies .In addition I wants to thanks International Study Canter and specially my course teacher because they are deign such an important course for the students who wants to study in the postgraduates level. Appendices Committed to PEOPLES RIGHT TO KNOW Vol. 5 Num 50 Fri. July 16, 2004 Business Rehab housing fair in New York next month Star Business Report In a bid to promote the countrys housing and real estate business by wooing Bangladeshis living in the US, the Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh (Rehab) is going to organise a five-day housing fair next month in New York.The event titled Rehab-Biponon Housing Fair 2004 will begin on August 19 at Quality Hotel Hampstead in New York city. Rehab is organising the fair in association with Biponon, a US-based marketing company.Describing the objectives of the fair, Rehabs Senior Executive Member Ziaul Ahsan said the fair would encourage expatriates to build their houses in Bangladesh as well as attract foreign investors to the country. Through this fair, the expatriates will get the opportunity to know all about the housing business in Bangladesh, he said. We think if they know about our real estate sector, they will move to invest in the sector.Ahsan said the exhibition would contribute to earning more remittance from the US and making more foreign investment in the count rys real estate sector.A total of 29 Rehab member companies will take part in the fair. They are Building Technology and Ideas Ltd, Hamid Real Estate Construction Ltd, Sheltech (Private) Ltd, Eastern Housing Ltd, East West Property Development Private Ltd, Latif Real Estate Ltd, Bosoti Consortium Ltd, Suvastu Development Ltd, Hasan and Associates Ltd, Amin Mohammad Group, Rangs Properties Ltd, Tropical Homes Ltd, Building for Future Ltd, Ena Properties Ltd, Concord Real Estate and Building Products Ltd, Brac Concord Lands Ltd, Bangladesh Development Company Ltd, Borak Real Estate (Private) Ltd, Living Stone Ltd, Equity Property Development Private Ltd, Japan Garden City Ltd, Al-Hasan Developers Ltd, NM Housing Ltd, Sumona Private Ltd, Rupayon Housing Estate Ltd, Mega Builders Ltd, Assurance Develop-ments Ltd, Building Development and Design Ltd and Crescent Holdings Ltd. According to Rehab, its 145 members delivered 70,000 to 80,000 apartment units to their customers in last 20 year s. Besides, they have been delivering 4,000 to 6,000 plots a year.The Rehab statistics show the annual turnover of the real estate sector amounts to Tk 7,500 crore and the government earns Tk 700 crore in revenue a year from the sector. About 15 lakh skilled and unskilled labourers are working in this sector. Example: Published On: 2007-11-25 Business REHAB fair ends with commitment to lower cost urban housing Sumon Salah Uddin A salesperson (right) busy briefing a visitor at a stall at the annual REHAB housing fair that concluded yesterday in Dhaka. Photo: STAR Real estate companies yesterday pledged to develop lower cost urban housing solutions in order to meet the growing demands for affordable homes in the capital. This is the right time to shift our focus to lower cost apartments instead of luxury flats, said Mohammad Zakir Hossain, senior sales executive of Rangs Properties.According to Hossain, developers are now planning most of their new projects targeting middle class people who make between Tk 20,000 and Tk 40,000 a month. Talking to The Daily Star on the final day of the 5-day housing fair organised by the Real Estate Housing Association of Bangladesh, Hossain said his company currently has no apartment of less than 1450 square feet in size. However, the management is planning new projects to meet the growing demands for smaller flats within the price range of Tk 15 lakh to Tk 20 lakh. A number of factors, including soaring construction costs and the governments drive against black money, have contributed to a sharp fall in the s ale of apartments, which are down around 50 percent so far this year, according to REHAB. Hossain said proper urban policy and the right public infrastructure are necessary to build lower cost housing, especially in the suburbs. The land price in the central areas of big cities is so high that it is often hard to keep the apartment price low. If the government builds proper infrastructure like highways and a good public transport system, developers will start to build lower cost housing projects in the suburban areas, he said. Eastern Housing Ltd, a developer of plots for urban housing, said it didnt have any more land plots to sell. All the plots in our land projects are sold out. We are now introducing two new mid-sized apartment projects in the capitals Kamalapur and Panthapath areas, said Mohammad Farhaduzzaman, assistant manager of the company. Aminul Islam Tareq, senior marketing executive of Rupayan Housing Estate Ltd, said the company had received a huge response from potent ial customers at the show. The response was more than expected, thanks to our newer projects in Uttara and Mirpur, he said, adding that Rupayan recently started building smaller apartments to attract customers from mid-income earners who cannot afford to pay more than Tk 30 lakh. Despite the slump in the real estate sector, there was little evidence of a lack of enthusiasm among the crowds at the jam-packed fair.While the focus was on the lower cost solutions a few luxury developers could be found, one such being Building Technology Ideas (bti) Ltd, who said their primary focus would still be on luxury living. We just got approval for 10-storied projects in Gulshan and Banani areas under the Building Construction Rules 2007. Our focus still remains on exclusive privacy, environmental friendliness and more space, said an executive of the company.

Physiological Effects of Ventolin :: essays research papers

Physiological Effects of Ventolin Ventolin is a brand name of the drug albuterol sulfate HFA, and its generic name is adrenergic bronchodilator. It is mostly taken as an inhalator, but can also be taken as tablets or syrup. It treats the symptoms of bronchospasms. Bronchospasm is an abnormal contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, narrowing and obstructing the respiratory airway, resulting in coughs, wheezing or difficulty in breathing. The chief cause of this condition is asthma, although it may also be caused by respiratory infection, chronic lung disease or an allergic reaction to chemicals. The mucosa lining of the trachea may become irritated and inflamed, which secretes mucus, causing it to be caught in the bronchi and triggers coughing. On the handouts, there are three different pictures of the inside of the trachea, showing the difference between a normal healthy trachea, and inflamed one and another with a mucus plug from the left main bronchus. These pictures were taken from the internet, with the address on the handout. A Ventolin inhalator is breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes of the lungs. It relaxes the smooth muscles of all the airways, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Ventolin also clears the mucus in the bronchi, making it easier for patients to breathe and reduces coughing. For Ventolin to work optimally, situations that may trigger an asthma attack must be avoided. These situations include exercising in cold, dry air; smoking; breathing in dust; and exposure to allergens such as pet fur or pollens. Relating to the case study, a few of these may apply to the patient, such as exercising in the cold morning air and perhaps breathing in dust and allergens such as pollens or maybe from the eucalyptus in the Blue Mountains might have had an effect on his condition. There are two forms of bronchodilators, a short acting and a long acting form. Short acting relieves or stops asthma symptoms and is very helpful during an attack. They are also called ‘rescue’ medications because they are best for treating sudden or severe asthma symptoms. Long acting bronchodilators are used to control asthma, they take longer to work but they also last longer, up to 12 hours, whereas a short acting would only last for about 4-5 hours. Ventolin is a short acting form, it is the recommended medication to use 15-20 mins before exercising.

Critical Criminology

CHAPTER 1 CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY There could be different reasons of increasing crimes. One of the obvious reasons is poverty and social injustice. Most of the people engaged in crime either don’t have proper source of income or they are socially discriminated. So the main reason of crime is poverty and social injustice. Most of the places with high poverty and social injustice have high crime rate (Jerry, 1995). The most important policy implications that would be most successful in reducing crime and/or rehabilitating convicted offenders in long term are critical criminology theories. In critical criminology crimes are defined in terms of domination. That is if some class or group is dominant than they can make social concept lawful and unlawful. Lower class, single parent women, poor people and minorities mainly suffer due to domination factor by others (Hopkin, 2001). 1. 1 Broad Problem Area: â€Å"Importance of Critical Criminology in Reducing Crimes† Justice system around the world is not strong enough to reduce crimes. So we need alternative approach through which criminals can become useful and productive member of the society. It’s not easy to completely change justice system but it’s not difficult to make criminals better citizens as well. Critical criminology is an effective way to reduce social injustice and crimes. Concept of critical criminology came in late sixties and early seventies. It mainly deals with the dominative and differential relation between different groups on the basis of demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, minorities, cultures, values and social groups. This culture and social diversity was created due to migrations and human nature. Social indifferences are another form of injustice. It’s important to support these peoples who are being discriminated (Bauman and Tester, 2001). According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, in critical criminology the scope of crimes is defined differently on the basis of social circumstances and time period of their occurrence. Critical criminology is somewhat different from basic study of criminology that deals with criminals and their behaviors. The basic idea of critical criminology is that the social and past trends would define whether some thing is unlawful or not at given time. There could be different things that are considered to be unlawful in past but now they are lawful and same goes with those things which are lawful in past but now they are unlawful. Such as marriage of homosexuals was considered to be unlawful in past but now with the passage of time societies are accepting this and making laws to protect marriages of homosexuals. This is not possible that all the studies on crimes are dealing with modern social life but they are some way connected to the present (Garland, 1999). There could be different theories that could emerges from critical criminology such as conflict theories, feminist theories, & postmodern and peacemaking theories. A conflict theory of criminology is not accepted largely by criminologist because they think conflict theories don’t address the criminal activities in socialist and capitalist societies. Feminist theories define that crime done by males and crimes done by females should be viewed differently. They give new aspect to criminology on the basis of gender. Critical criminologists have different views and way of resolving crimes. These two theories are mainly recognized around the world. Main emphasis is given to relation between criminals and societies. Even feminist criminologists don’t properly represent gender prospective and take back their views after failure of other criminologists (Van, 1997). There is a difference between critical criminology and conventional criminology. Conventional criminology is not dealing with activities which are affecting life of thousands of people such as politicians’ decisions that could affect millions of people, corporate scandals that affected thousands of workers, stock market manipulations that affected thousand of investors and also discriminations of minorities that have no end. Conventional laws do not answer these structural disparities that helps dominate group to take advantage of it. Conventional criminology is dealing with state defined crimes but not the crimes that are harming society ocially (Stephen, 1983). Criminologists working to find ways to resolve or to reduce crimes are not able to identify or not able to provide any authentic procedures to resolve crimes (Braithwaite, 1998). And also they didn’t even give importance to issues or difference created due to power and state (Cunneen and White 1996). This is still a claim that critical craniologist are more inclined towards gaining some pos ition and recognition rather than actually doing some thing for society to protect human rights and to promote justice in society. Since 1960, activists in human rights and social justice are molding progress in critical criminology theory. There is a relation between criminologists and social & human right moments (Braithwaite, 1989). Critical criminologist overstates the crime problem in society. Instead of removing the mystery that crimes are not their and its media created etc. they should accept crimes as a dilemma of powerless. They must not criticize criminal system by keeping this fact in mind that it is created by undue protection given to the privileged class. There is a cause effect relationship between crimes and poverty, racism, discrimination, social injustice, racisms etc. Critical criminoloiges must keep this in mind while evaluating crimes. However, critical criminology and traditional criminology should not work in different ways rather they should work together in the same way. (Cohen, 1998). 1. 2 Problem Statement: â€Å"Is Critical thinking is helpful to reduce crimes and able to reduce social injustice from society†. 1. 3 Purpose & Significance of Study The main purpose of this study is to identify the importance of critical criminology in order to reduce crimes. This study will also identify other ways to reduce crimes and their effectiveness. And it will also explain what factors are responsible for crimes. This study will help policy makers and law enforcing agencies to avoid crimes by using proper critical criminology theories. 1. 4 Research Questions The aim of this research is to study, 1) How do people perceive that critical criminology can reduce crimes? 2) How do people perceive the role of critical criminology in order to reduce injustice from society? ) How do people perceive that critical criminology approach is better way to reduce crime rather than conventional criminology approach? 1. 5 Theoretical Diagram In this diagram crimes reduction is dependent variable which depend on critical criminology that is independent variable. Critical Criminology method that properly identify social injustices that could change offend er future behavior towards crime and society support to accept these people as a useful member of society are intervening variable. These variables can assure the effectiveness of counseling treatment to reduce crimes. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variable CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the basic methodology and requirement in research. It includes the methods of research, the respondents and their description, sources of data, the sets of research instruments that were used, the treatment of data, and the statistical tools, which were used in this study. 2. 1 Method of the Study: The research utilized the descriptive method in acquiring information for evaluation and analysis. The descriptive survey was the general rocedure employed in a study that has for its chief purposes the description of the phenomena that is importance of critical criminology theory in reducing crimes from society by providing social injustice. 2. 2 Sample, Type of Questionnaire, & Treatment of Data: The population for this research study was the general public. A random sample of 50 was taken from different places and different groups such as law enforcing agencies, c ommunity, criminologist etc. Researcher selected probability sampling, because every person had an equal chance of being selected. The survey questionnaire seeks the perception of the respondents with respect to factors important for crime reduction. In order to analyze the information given in the questionnaires, Likert scale had been applied in question 1 to question 9. The purpose is to evaluate effectiveness of counseling in crime reduction. 2. 3 Validation of the questionnaire: It was deemed necessary to revalidate the questionnaire to find out the clarity of the questions being asked as well as their relevance to the problems formulated. The validation of the questionnaire was done through the comments and suggestion by respondent. And also validation and reliability of research instrument used to get information that is questionnaire is done by implementing it to different places and same results were extracted from every place. 2. 4 Statistical Tools: Researcher used frequency and percentage distribution to determine the relationships of the variables and give clear and reliable analysis and interpretation of the data. The formula is; % = F/N ? 100 % = percentage F = frequency N = number of respondent CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS, FINDINGS & CONCLUSION 3. 1 Questionnaire Analysis: Respondent responded in the following way: Topic Based on Questionnaire |Highly Disagree | Disagree | Moderately | |Highly Agree | | | | | |Agree | | |Critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority |11% |18% |25% |42% |4% | |and low social class group | | | | | | |Critical criminology theory is important to reduce social |0% |0% |14% |57% |29% | |differences | | | | | | |Main reason of increasing crime rate is soci al injustice |3% |10% |21% |40% |26% | |Critical criminology is playing important role in order to |11% |28% |31% |26% |4% | |highlight social injustices | | | | | | |Critical criminology is different from conventional |29% |36% |19% |10% |6% | |criminology | | | | | | |There is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist |18% |24% |21% |30% |7% | |Critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice |17% |19% |23% |35% |6% | |system that it supports to powerful class | | | | | | Social movement regarding human rights and social justice is |0% |0% |9% |55% |36% | |supporting critical criminologist | | | | | | |Critical criminologists are working for their recognition |26% |37% |21% |10% |6% | |rather than to support social injustice | | | | | | 3. 2 Findings & Conclusion: On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group and critical criminology theory is i mportant to reduce social differences †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent agreed on a statement that main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice and critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded moderately agreed on a statement that critical criminology is different from conventional criminology and there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class and social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist. In these days societies are giving more focus to crime, victimization, regulation, punishment, with respect to human rights, equity, social justice, well being of the community, and globaliz ation. More activists are taking interest in decreasing discrimination and imbalances in societies. They are trying to gather more people to take action for the betterment of society and this will affect both antiestablishment and establishment criminologies. If model of Mutualism develops with the same pace than critical criminologists have to revise their studies and ways to resolve crimes. They have to establish the relation between antiestablishment and establishment criminologies not for individual but for the society. Now societies are moving from equal rights and equal justice to human rights and social justice due to social movement to protect rights. References: Bauman, Z. , & Tester, K. (2001). Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity Press. Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Braithwaite, J. 1998. Reducing the Crime Problem: A Not So Dismal Criminology. The New Criminology Revisited, London: Macmillan. Chan, J. 1996. Crime Prevention and the Lure of Relevance. Australian and New Zealand. Journal of Criminology, 27(1): 25-9. Cunneen, C. , and White, R. 1996. Juvenile Justice: An Australian Perspective. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Garland, D. (1999). The Commonplace and the Catastrophic. Theoretical Criminology, 3(3), pp. 353-64. Hopkins, B. R. (2001). An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Cullompton: Willan pg. 173 Jerry, B. (1995). Crime Control: We the People. Radio broadcasts. North Coast XPress. Stephen, B. 1983. Power & Crime. Van, S. R. (1997). Critical Criminology: Visions from Europe. London: Sage Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Critical Criminology. 2008. Retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Critical_criminology QUESTIONNAIRE: RESEARCH PAPER CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY Direction: Please indicate the degree of importance as perceived by you, by putting a tick mark opposite to each of the number item showing the degree of perception. Scale |Weights | |Highly Disagree |1 | |Disagree |2 | |Moderately |3 | |Agree |4 | |Highly Agree |5 | 1) At what extent do you think critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 2) At what extent do you think critical criminology theory is important to reduce so cial differences? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 3) At what extent do you think main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 4) At what extent do you think critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 5) At what extent do you think critical criminology is different from conventional criminology? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6) At what extent do you think there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 7) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ) At what extent do you think social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 9) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are working for their recognition rather than to support social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ———————– Critical Criminology CRIMES REDUCTION Feminist Theory Conflict Theory Postmodern & Peacemaking Theories