Asian philosphy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asian philosphy - Article Example This is quite iterating as yoga is becoming more accepted globally, and it will beneficial to know where the tradition comes from and how it has benefited individuals from a variety of backgrounds. In addition, I am particularly interested in Buddhism as I understand it one of the five main religions of the world, and most predominate through much of Asia, yet little is known about it outside of the East. Buddhist philosophy contains many great principles and ideals for living. While it might be different than the beliefs I am used to, it is nonetheless important to understand where the philosophy comes from and why so many people in Asia have chosen to follow its teachings. In short, it appears that this course is going to teach me a great deal about how to respect other philosophies and cultures. By opening my eyes and truly deciding to grasp that which I am taught, I will hopefully be a much better person in the end for having taken this

Lutheranism and Zwinglianism Essay Example for Free

Lutheranism and Zwinglianism Essay The Catholic Church reformation can be attributed to personal motives which were supported by political influence and gains. For instance Lutheranism was introduced by Martin Luther because he was against the indulgence act that the Catholic Church perpetuated and used to raise charitable funds to build and maintain their churches. Luther was raised in a middle class family thus was able to enjoy economic benefits such as attending school. This fact made him win over the crowd by demanding for their attention and sympathy . The spread of the Zwinglianism religion can also be attributed to the personal benefits that Zwingli was seeking. Zwingli a catholic clergy was against the celibacy and chastity vows because he had more than once had sexual relationships with women that were his concubines. Therefore, he demanded a change to the doctrines and principles of the Catholic Church to allow marriage of the clergy to curb the immoral vices they practiced . Gustav vas a the Swedish King perpetuated the spread of the Lutheranism religion when he dominated the national church in Diet of Vasteras by controlling all the church possessions, church appointments and demanded Lutheranism to be taught in churches and schools. Furthermore, the Denmark King Fredrick 1 protected Lutheran followers, reformers and preachers from persecution . Denmark had Catholic followers who excommunicated Lutheran believers however Lutheranism gained a strong hold in Denmark when Christian Fredrick’s son, a Lutheran follower, won the king’s throne after the civil war and thus fully supported Lutheranism. On the other hand the Grand council of Zurich favored Zwingli who perpetuated the spread of Zwinglianism over the Catholic councils thus managed to influence Switzerland to practice Zwinglianism. Furthermore, the Zurich community supported Zwingli a fact that influenced the decision of The Grand council because they wanted to maintain political favor of the Zurich community . Word Count: 303 Bibliography Bruening, W. Michael. 2006. Calvinisms First Battleground: Conflict and Reform in the Pays De Vaud, 1528-1559. Warren, MI: Springer.

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting

Case summary and examination of Obstetrics Posting Madam NTR is a 34 years old Malay lady with gravida 4 and parity 3, currently at 37 weeks of gestations. She was admitted on 21st Nov 2010 at gestational age of 30 weeks and 1 day, due to referral from Health Clinic Sendayan in view of placenta previa based on ultrasound findings during a routine antenatal visit. Her estimated date of delivery was on 20th Jan 2011. She was asymptomatic with no complaints of per vaginal bleeding, contraction pain, leaking liquor or show. Fetal movements were felt and were not reduced. She has no history of placenta previa in her previous pregnancies. The first day of her last normal menstrual period was on 15th Apr 2010. This was an unexpected pregnancy but both her and her husband wanted it. She suspected she was pregnant when she missed her menses for 4 weeks. She confirmed her pregnancy after urine pregnancy test done in a private clinic yielded positive result. Booking was done in Maternal and Child Health Clinic Gadong at 16 weeks of gestation and the dating scan at 16 weeks revealed parameters corresponding to date. However, placenta was noted to be low lying during that scan. Throughout her routine antenatal visits, she was normotensive, not anaemic and did not have diabetes mellitus. HIV and VDRL test were negative. Her blood group type is O Rh D  positive. This is her fourth pregnancy. Her third pregnancy was in the year of 2007. She delivered a full term baby boy with birth weight of 2.6 kg via caesarean delivery due to breech presentation in Hospital Tuanku Jaafar Seremban. She delivered her first two children who are both males in the year of 2004 and 2005 via spontaneous vaginal delivery, with birth weight of 4.26kg and 2.6kg respectively. There was no history of shoulder dystocia. All her children were born alive and well. Antenatal, natal and postnatal for all previous pregnancies were uneventful. She attained menarche at the age of 12. It is regular at 28 to 30 days cycle with duration of 5 to 7 days. There was neither dysmenorrhea nor menorrhagia. She practised coitus interuptus as contraceptive measure. She never had any PAP smear done previously. Past surgical, medical and drug history were unremarkable. Family history was unremarkable. She and her husband are married for 7 years. They are staying together with their three children in Gadong Jaya Village. She is a housewife. She neither smokes nor drinks alcohol. On the other hand, her husband works as a construction worker. He is a smoker but not alcoholic. Family income is approximately RM2000 per month which is barely adequate for their living. Physical examination: Madam NTR was alert, conscious and communicative. She was not in pain or respiratory distress. Her height and weight are 165cm and 76kg respectively. Her blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg; pulse rate was 86 beats per minute of regular rhythm and strong volume; temperature was 37 ° C; respiratory rate was 19 breaths per minute. All vital signs were within normal range. Upon general examination, there was no conjunctival pallor, sclera jaundice, palmar erythema or peripheral cyanosis. Thyroid glands were not palpable and breast examination was unremarkable. There was bilateral pedal edema up to mid-shin. Cardiopulmonary examination was unremarkable. Upon examination of the abdomen, it was distended with a gravid uterus. Linea nigra and striae gravidarum were visible. There was a tranverse scar, measuring 12cm, located above pubic symphysis. Distension appeared to be corresponding to gestational age. The umbilicus was flattened. On light palpation, the abdomen was soft and non-tender. Uterus was not irritable. Symphysiofundal height was 38 cm which was corresponding to gestational age. It was a singleton pregnancy with transverse lie and cephalic presentation. The liquor was adequate. Estimated fetal weight was 3.0-3.2kg. Fetal heart sound was 160 beats per minute. Investigations Full Blood Count revealed normal haemoglobin level (10.9g/dL). Transabdominal Sonography(TAS) revealed transverse lie fetus with the presence of fetal activity, estimated fetal weight of 3.19kg at 37 weeks of gestation, anterior placenta previa type 3 (placenta previa major) with evidence of placenta accreta at one area over bladder base.   The images also demonstrated placental lacunae, gross increase in vascularity of cervix which is suggestive of placenta accreta. Diagnosis Anterior placenta previa type 3 with possible placenta accreta. Management Upon admission, Madam NTRs vital signs were taken. Cannula was inserted and blood was taken for full blood count investigation and blood group cross-matching. Madam NTR was also given the explanation to keep her in ward until delivery and the condition of her pregnancy. She was encouraged to rest in bed and decrease activity level to avoid bleeding. Ultrasound was performed to confirm the diagnosis of placenta previa. She was then monitored for any contractions or bleeding. Madam NTRs pad chart, fetal kick chart and labour pregnancy chart were strictly monitored. Fetal heart rate was assessed 4 hourly with Daptone. Cardiotocography was done regularly and it was normal. She was given a course of IM dexamethasone 12mg BD of 1 day duration at 30 weeks of gestation. Full blood count investigation was performed once weekly and transabdominal sonography was carried out once in every 2 weeks throughout admission. Anemia should be corrected if present. Madam NTR was also prescribed ferrous fumarate, folic acid, vitamin B complex as well as ascorbic acid. She was eventually planned for an elective caesarean delivery on 5th Jan 2011 at 37 weeks of gestational age. Prior to that, she was counseled about risk of haemorrhage and possibility of hysterectomy to be done during operation as well as option of conservative management etc. Written informed consent was taken from both her husband and her. Progression Throughout the admission, she was comfortable and her vital signs were all normal. She had no any episodes of vaginal bleed, leaking liquor, show, uterine contraction and pain. She was not anaemic as evidenced by normal values of her haemoglobin levels. The most recent haemoglobin value was 10.9g/dl. Fetal well-being was assured as evidenced by normal CTG results. She and her fetus remained stable until the scheduled operation date. A day prior to that, she was kept nil by mouth. Packed cell blood was ready for transfusion if needed. After delivery of the fetus, manual removal of the placenta was done and placenta accreta was found to be at the anterior bed of lower segment of the uterus. She developed a massive uterine haemorrhage and a hysterectomy was performed. 3 units of packed cells (1 litre in total) were transfused intraoperatively. The operation lasted for 1 hour and 15 minutes. She delivered a baby boy weighs 3.2kg with Apgar score of 6 at first minute and 9 at fifth minute of life. After being assessed by paediatrician, he was discharged to the mother. Estimated blood loss was 2.8 litres. Explanation about intraoperative findings and the decision of attending doctor to proceed to hysterectomy was given to Madam NTR. Postoperatively, she remained hemodynamically stable. Post operative haemoglobin level was 12g/dl. She was able to ambulate and tolerate orally on third day after operation despite minimal pain over operation site. She did not complain of shortness of breath, palpitation, chest pain or calf pain. Baby was pink, active and well with no jaundice. Breastfeeding was established. Both of the mother and baby were discharged on 7th Jan 2011and subsequent follow-up was scheduled to be 2 months later. She should be arranged for psychological review and management as termination of fertility can sometimes cause devastating psychological impact to women. Discussion What other alternatives that Madam NTR has other than hysterectomy in the case of placenta accreta? Is hysterectomy absolutely indicated in Madam NTR? Mainstay traditional management has centred upon hysterectomy which has a high complication rate and terminates fertility of a woman. It can also cause devastating psychological consequences. While in vast majority of cases hysterectomy will remain appropriate, there are other management options available involving conservative approaches. The main nonsurgical conservative management would be to leave the placenta undisturbed in situ for it to be resorbed or to be passed spontaneously. It is expected that bleeding will remain minimal with this approach. This enables fertility to be preserved even though leaving the placenta in situ has implications for infection and recurrence. LoÃÆ' ¯c Sentilhes et al.(1) concludes that  successful conservative management for placenta accreta does not compromise the patients subsequent fertility or obstetrical outcome but there is a high risk that placenta accreta may recur during future pregnancies. Florence  Bretelle et al.(2) conducted a retrospective study in which 50 cases of placenta accreta were studied and 26 patients (52%) were treated conservatively. 21 of them (80.7%) did not undergo hysterectomy and 3 women had successful pregnancy during follow-up. This further proves that treated patient with placenta accreta selectively with conservative approach enables fertility to be preserved without increasing morbidity. However, conservative approach is usually considered only when bleeding is minimal. In this case of Madam NTR, there was severe haemorrhage encountered after delivery of fetus. Conservative management such as leaving the placenta in situ will lead to severe postpartum hemorrhage or even maternal death. Uterine compression suturing to stop the bleeding was not able to be performed as her uterus was too fragile to hold the sutures. Therefore, hysterectomy is absolutely indicated in the case of Madam NTR for her safety. This is her fourth pregnancy; therefore termination of fertility is not a major concern in her as discussed previously prior to obtaining her consent. As Madam NTR was planned for a high risk surgery with possibility of hysterectomy, counseling and obtaining written informed consent prior to surgery play a vital role. After being counseled, Madam NTR stated that she had little understanding about her situation and the surgery but not to the full understanding due to inability to fully comprehend medical terminologies used. The question here would be: Has the attending doctor done his duties well enough and is patients autonomy protected in this context? Informed consent is the core principle of modern medical practice. The primary aim of the consent process is to protect patients autonomy. Patients have the right to refuse medical care, even when it means they will die. This surgery is associated with high complication rate, termination of fertility and devastating psychological consequences to patient. Therefore, educating and informing her about her healthcare options, advantages and disadvantages associated with recommended management as well as other alternatives are very crucial. The point is not merely to disclose information, but to ensure patients comprehension of relevant information. Unfortunately, very often that doctor are disclosing information presuming that patients with different level of maturity, education level, cultural background and native language will be able to comprehend. On top of that, doctors are so used to medical terminologies and it is often found difficult to disclose medical information in laymans terminologies. Majority of patients whom I encounter were not aggressive in seeking opportunities to raise questions to attending doctors, especially during ward round whereby patient will be surrounded by specialist accompanied by medical officers, housemen and medical students. All these further jeopardize patients autonomy to exercise personal choice with total comprehension of relevant medical issues. In the case of Madam NTR, she and her husband should first of all be told what a placenta is before explaining to them about placenta praevia. Subsequently, attending doctor should explain to her the reason vaginal delivery was not able to be carried out as the placenta covers the entrance to the womb (cervix) entirely, which is known as major placenta praevia. Therefore, caesarean delivery is absolutely indicated and it will be conducted by experienced obstetrician and anaesthetist on duty. If an emergency arises, a consultant will be present. Risk of severe bleeding from placenta praevia which can put the life of the mother and baby in danger should be emphasized; therefore explaining the purpose of blood group cross- matching for blood transfusion. She should also be informed that rarely, placenta praevia may be complicated by a problem known as placenta accreta, when the placenta is abnormally attached to the womb, making separation at the time of birth difficult. Most of the time, it will pass out spontaneously. However, if the bleeding continues and cannot be controlled, removing the womb has to be done to control the bleeding after consideration of conservative approaches such as leaving it in situ with possibility of recurrence or infection fails. She has to be told to fast prior to operation. Choices of analgesia should be discussed with anesthesiologist in relation to risks and advantages for each option. Lastly and most importantly is to assure her that the healthcare team will recommend the best way for both her and her baby and at the same time, she has the right to be fully informed about her health care and to share in making decisions about it. Under the law, the doctor has a duty of medical care to give adequate information about the proposed medical treatment. The breach of informed consent in todays legal setting is more commonly interpreted as negligence when the doctor has not disclosed the risk of procedure and when the risk occurs, causing harm to patient. In the English case of Wells v Surrey Area Health Authority (3), a 36-year-old woman with 2 children, was advised to proceed to caesarean delivery after prolonged labour. She was in exhausted state when she was suggested to be sterilized during the surgery and consent was signed and sterilization was done. When she recovered, she complained that consent was invalid as it was taken when she was mentally confused. She sued the doctor for assault and battery for operation was done without consent as well as for negligence as information regarding sterilization was not given at all. In conclusion, informed consent should be practiced in the correct way, especially in obstetrics and gynaecology, an area with high risk of medico-legal perspectives, to provide best treatment and management to patient and fetus as well as protecting doctors from being sued for negligence.

DEEP WOODS :: essays research papers

Dusk has fallen, and now it’s just starting to penetrate the canopy of the forest. The trees seem to be dancing to the music of the evening breeze and the gentle rustle of leafs compliment the overall atmosphere. The songs of birds have been totally replaced by an orchestra of crickets and other insects, and I seem to be their sole audience. My eyes peer into the gloom trying to make out what lies ahead, without much success. Soon I realize that I have to let my other senses take over in order continue on. I tread onto what seems to be a sea of moss that covers a large portion of the forest floor, forming a thick green carpet. Each of my steps leaves a green depression, which quickly fill up and erase all evidence of my passing . The soft texture of this carpet invites me to discard my shoes and I do so without much of a second thought. The green sea quickly engulfs my feet and I indulge on the velvety texture that brushes them. Reluctantly, I leave my carpet of moss and make an unsuccessful attempt to find my shoes. I venture onto a thin trail that is suffocated with undergrowth and slowly, start making my way down it. I do not seem to feel any discomfort due to the lack of shoes on the contrary the feeling of the soft moist earth under my feet is an unforgettable experience. The stars are just only starting to peer through the intricate patchwork of leafs and light patches of the forest floor. Fireflies dance like fairies and ignite tiny patches of light, which randomly appears and then suddenly disappears. I stop for a moment, captivated by this dance’s beauty, and then I realize that I have made little progress since I came onto the path. My attention shifts back too my walk and I continue on. The aroma of pine peers into my nostrils and attempts to hypnotize me. Its spell is abruptly broken by the unmistakable sound of flowing water. I get lured to a spot where the tall giants of the forest have parted to make way for a small stream. The reflection caused my the moon’s light causes its surface to emit a queer silver glow which causes the trunks of nearby trees to look like foreboding dark phantoms. Even in this light, I am able to make out the array of smooth pebbles that litter the stream’s bed.

Juan De Sepulveda Belittes the Indians

Juan Sepulveda was a man who strongly felt he could define a person or group as â€Å"civilized or â€Å"barbarians.† Sepulveda’s purpose in his article/primary source analysis was mainly to inform the Spanish about the Native Americans â€Å"barbaric† society and how could either try and convert them to Christianity or destroy them. His audience is mainly the Spanish royalty, and also the Christian community. Sepulveda explains what the government and activity of the Natives are like, and degrades who they are so his audience could have a feeling whether they should be enslaved or converted.During Sepulveda’s article/primary source, he mentions how he saw the government with â€Å"†¦ [No] written laws, but barbarian institutions and customs †¦ what temperance or mercy can you expect from men who are committed to all types of intemperance and base frivolity, and eat human flesh? (lines 17-20).† So far Sepulveda has had nothing positive to say about the Natives, and feels that they are far from civilized. Personally, this doesn’t seem too barbarous because everyone has a custom to something Sepulveda writes in a way that persuades that the natives are basically cavemen who know no better, compared to the Spanish norms.Although he is not lying since the natives eat human flesh, which would be barbarous, but its only safe to say that the natives are far from modern day society and the roles. Another piece of evidence that Sepulveda shares is that the natives would â€Å"wage continual and ferocious war upon one another with such fierceness that they did not consider a victory worthwhile unless they sated their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies. (lines 22-24).† This time he proves a point that they would be barbarous, stating that the only reason Natives fight other Natives would be for food. As true as this may be, Sepulveda fails to tell the whole story.Indians would not fight daily for th e flesh of other humans, or else they would be extinct. And hidden to Sepulveda mind, he didn’t think about the diversity of the Natives and their different groups, so it becomes more clear that his Goal is to make them seem like savages so the Spanish would feel more bias on enslaving them rather than them being converted first. On one positive note, it is clear Sepulveda wanted to say something positive about the Natives, saying â€Å"†¦ Although some of them show a certain ingenuity  for various works of artisanship, this is no proof of human cleverness. (lines 28-29).†If all Sepulveda has been saying was negative things, and have one positive note, then it must have really caught is attention that the Natives have a thing for artisanship. This may be a key point in Sepulveda’s persuasion to converting the Natives to slavery. To say they are crafty would show that they are of use to something. This sentence he writes can be easily summarized that they have a talent, but the Spaniards will always be the superior to the Natives, as said in line 33, â€Å" [New Spain] †¦ are considered the most civilized of all.† To break down my analysis of Sepulveda’s article would be easily described in lines 57 and 58 that the â€Å"[Natives] have stated quite clearly that they have been born into slavery and not to civic and liberal life.†All that Sepulveda wants is a group of slaves that would later be converted to Christianity for the use and the good of the Spanish goals. It was clear s day Sepulveda wanted to make the Natives look bad (and good enough) to make the Spanish ruler feel they would come good use to slavery. Broken down into a nutshell, if the Indians look useless enough, but they have â€Å"artisanship,† then what better place to be than slaves. And the goals of the Spaniards are to spread their Christianity, so why not make them Christians as well.

The Balkans Essay

The Balkans Essay The Balkans Essay Not many people are aware of what balkanization is. Many misinterpret it, and some have never heard of such a word. Here, in the United States, we don’t often use a word like balkanization because there is no need for it. When a larger county breaks apart, we can interpret this as balkanization. The word balkanization is a geopolitical word. In Europe, there is a region called the Balkans; in this region, a war broke out during 1992 causing Yugoslavia to divide into smaller countries. The word balkanization took its popularity very recently. During the 19th century, the Balkans were not as organized as they are today. This is when the word balkanize came to its popularity. Journalist would often use the word Balkanization to describe the event of 1992- most commonly known as the Yugoslavian wars. The southeastern countries of Europe underwent a major war the Balkanized the entire area. In 1920, the word Balkanization was most prominently used and it was used to describe the se paration of the Ottoman Empire as it fell apart during that time frame. This was one of the most memorable events in the Balkans, hence, the word Balkanization is usually used to reffer to the countries in the Balkans. So it can be confidently said that the word Balkanization took its place during World War One. However, there was a slightly different definition for this word in the Oxford dictionary. Balkanization was simply defined as â€Å"to divide- a country or region- into small, often hostile units†. After checking Webster’s dictionary as well, I found that they defined the word balkanization the same way the Oxford dictionary did. This many not always be the case but most often a county can become hostile after breaking off on its own. This separation and hostile feeling often happens after a war. The problem is, including the word hostile in the definition for balkanization is creates a negative imagine for the Balkan land. For this reason is should not be included in the definition. Neither dictionary states a reason for hostility, it simply mentions that the newly divided units are hostile. A county that is said to be hostile, or defined as hostile, might scare away potential tourists as well as create negative feelings, thoughts, or views on certain countries or are as. During 1992, the Balkans-specifically Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia- had a war calling for separation. The war was not only for separation but a fight for land as well. My father served the army during the time of the war. After asking him a few questions about the war, he admitted to the hostile feelings that overtook everyone during the war. This of course is only during the time of war; the war lasted a few years. Obviously hostility is natural during a war. Neither dictionary, Oxford nor Webster, mentions a time frame of hostility. It simply states that the units that are divided are hostile. My parents moved to Chicago in 1997 so we did not experience the after-war lifestyle in Bosnia. Since we have most of our family still living in the Balkans, we visit them every two years. My experience with the visits did not include any hostile feelings as the dictionary mentioned. Even family that has lived in the Balkans for generations have said that our countries have not become hostile units. The economies of the separated countries have not yet grown to their full potential but they continue to improve every year. During each of my visits, I have noticed that many businesses, including small businesses, have not had a difficult time remaining successful. Most laws still remain the same and if they were modified, they were done for improvement. When a county undergoes hostility, their economies often decline, laws become more strict, businesses usually close, and in some cases the population declines due to many people relocating. Using the word